The Brexit effect is easy to see in UK universities. A continuing failure to agree UK association with the Horizon Europe research programme has put eligibility to conduct EU-funded research in the UK in a precarious position, undermining international collaborations and prompting some academics to relocate to the mainland.

One consequence of Brexit closed a financing source to UK start-ups on 1 Feb. – but access could re-open if a UK and EU trade deal includes Horizon Europe participation.